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计算机科学先驱名单

发布时间：2024-03-29 06:40:10 来源：网络
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前言: 从国内目前情况看，搜索内容内容简单，资料内容比较匮乏，大量充斥着豆丁、文库等所谓需付费文章内容，商业气息浓重，内容没有吸引力。 说实在的内容不敢苟同。特

前言:


从国内目前情况看，搜索内容内容简单，资料内容比较匮乏，大量充斥着豆丁、文库等所谓需付费文章内容，商业气息浓重，内容没有吸引力。 说实在的内容不敢苟同。
特别对于一些专业内容和国外机构等的介绍出入比较大，也不详实。 自几次工业革命以来，中国在在线内容方面还是有很不乐观。百度2010年相比对于专业人员来说是在退步的，谷歌的推出又把很多丰富的内容隔离在了大门之外。比如：中国的百度百科和国外wiki等百科来说就相差甚远，同时数字博物馆特别是几百来年的科技方面的发展，可以说是西方占据主导位置，中国确实在军工领域发展迅速，但是在民用科技领域的普及和知识沉淀方面相去甚远。 我们国家的一些数字博物馆更偏向传统文化、民风民俗等。

清华数字博物馆 的部分内容截图

 

 　　从计算机领域来说，从世界范围内看引领不足，基本都是国外在推动整个世界科技的发展，特别第三次工业革命，几乎是都是西方在主导。所以资料方面明显也更加丰富。国外的大学、研究机构、实验室、一些科技巨头、杰出人士等整体推动了科技的创新与发展。

计算机科学先驱名单

 

This article presents a list of individuals who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers could do.

本文列出了在创造、开发和想象计算机可以做什么方面取得变革性突破的个人名单。

 Pioneers(先驱者/先锋)

To put the list in chronological order, click the small "up-down" icon in the Date column. The Person column can also be sorted alphabetically, up-down.
Achievement
date		PersonAchievement
830~ Al-Khwarizmi The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu–Arabic numerals popularised by al-Khwarizmi in his book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals.[1][2][3]
1944 Aiken, Howard 当时作为研究生的他构思并共同设计了 哈佛Mark I  目前该机器本存放于哈佛历史仪器收藏馆
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken
https://history-computer.com/howard-aiken-biography-history-and-inventions/
1970, 1989 Allen, Frances E. Developed bit vector notation and program control-flow graphs. Became the first female IBM Fellow in 1989. In 2006, she became the first female recipient of the ACM's Turing Award.
1939 Atanasoff, John Built the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, though it was neither programmable nor Turing-complete.
1822, 1837 Babbage, Charles Originated the concept of a programmable general-purpose computer. Designed the Analytical Engine and built a prototype for a less powerful mechanical calculator.
1954, 1963 Backus, John Led the team that created FORTRAN (Formula Translation), the first practical high-level programming language, and he formulated the Backus–Naur form that described the formal language syntax.
1960-64 Baran, Paul One of two independent inventors of the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.[4][5] Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964.[6][7]
1874 Baudot, Émile A French telegraphic engineer patents the Baudot code, the first means of digital communication.[8] The modem speed unit baud is named after him.
1989, 1990 Berners-Lee, Tim Invented World Wide Web. With Robert Cailliau, sent first HTTP communication between client and server.
1966 Böhm, Corrado Theorized of the concept of structured programming.
1847, 1854 Boole, George Formalized Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic and computer science.
1947 Booth, Kathleen Invented the first assembly language.
1969, 1978 Brinch Hansen, Per Developed the RC 4000 multiprogramming system which introduced the concept of an operating system kernel and the separation of policy and mechanism, effectively the first microkernel architecture.[9] Co-developed the monitor with Tony Hoare, and created the first monitor implementation.[10] Implemented the first form of remote procedure call in the RC 4000,[9] and was first to propose remote procedure calls as a structuring concept for distributed computing.[11]
1959, 1995 Brooks, Fred Manager of IBM System/360 and OS/360 projects; author of The Mythical Man-Month.
1908 Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Founded intuitionistic logic which later came to prevalent use in proof assistants.
1930 Bush, Vannevar Analogue computing pioneer. Originator of the Memex concept, which led to the development of Hypertext.
1951 Caminer, David With John Pinkerton, developed the LEO computer, the first business computer, for J. Lyons and Co
1978 Cerf, Vint With Bob Kahn, designed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the primary data communication protocols of the Internet and other computer networks.
1956 Chomsky, Noam Made contributions to computer science with his work in linguistics. He developed Chomsky hierarchy, a discovery which has directly impacted programming language theory and other branches of computer science.
1936 Church, Alonzo Made fundamental contributions to theoretical computer science, specifically in the development of computability theory in the form of lambda calculus. Independently of Alan Turing, he formulated what is now known as Church-Turing Thesis and proved that first-order logic is undecidable.
1962 Clark, Wesley A. Designed LINC, the first functional computer scaled down and priced for the individual user. Put in service in 1963, many of its features are seen as prototypes of what were to be essential elements of personal computers.
1981 Clarke, Edmund M. Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware together with E. Allen Emerson.
1970 Codd, Edgar F. Proposed and formalized the relational model of data management, the theoretical basis of relational databases.
1971 Conway, Lynn Superscalar architecture with multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling.
1967 Cook, Stephen Formalized the notion of NP-completeness, inspiring a great deal of research in computational complexity theory.
1965 Cooley, James With John W. Tukey, created the fast Fourier transform.
1965 Davies, Donald One of two independent inventors of the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.[4][12] Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965 and 1966.[13][14] Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s, including the ARPANET, were similar "in nearly all respects" to his original 1965 design.[15]
1962 Dahl, Ole-Johan With Kristen Nygaard, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
1968 Dijkstra, Edsger Made advances in algorithms, pioneered and coined the term structured programming, invented the semaphore, and famously suggested that the GOTO statement should be considered harmful.
1918 Eccles, William and Jordan, Frank Wilfred British physicists patent the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit.[16] The so-called bistable flip-flop, this circuit is a building block of all digital memory cells. Built from Vacuum tubes, their concept was essential for the success of the Colossus codebreaking computer.
1943, 1951 Eckert, J. Presper With John Mauchly, designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer.
1981 Emerson, E. Allen Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware together with Edmund M. Clarke.
1963 Engelbart, Douglas Best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human–computer interaction whose Augment team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs.
1973 Thacker, Charles P. Pioneering design and realization of the Xerox Alto, the first modern personal computer, and in addition for his contributions to the Ethernet and the Tablet PC.
1971 Faggin, Federico Designed the first commercial microprocessor (Intel 4004).
1974 Feinler, Elizabeth Her team defined a simple text file format for Internet host names. The list evolved into the Domain Name System and her group became the naming authority for the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com.
1943 Flowers, Tommy Designed and built the Mark 1 and the ten improved Mark 2 Colossus computers, the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices.
1994 Floyd, Sally Founded the field of Active Queue Management and co-invented Random Early Detection which is used in almost all Internet routers.
1879 Frege, Gottlob Extended Aristotelian logic with first-order predicate calculus, independently of Charles Sanders Peirce, a crucial precursor in computability theory. Also relevant to early work on artificial intelligence, logic programming.
1880, 1898 Sanders Peirce, Charles Proved the functional completeness of the NOR gate. Proposed the implementation of logic via electrical circuits, decades before Claude Shannon. Extended Aristotelian logic with first-order predicate calculus, independently of Gottlob Frege, a crucial precursor in computability theory. Also relevant to early work on artificial intelligence, logic programming.
1985 Furber, Stephen
Sophie Wilson		 Are known for their work on creating ARM 32bit RISC microprocessor.[17]
1958, 1961, 1967 Ginsburg, Seymour Proved "don't-care" circuit minimization does not necessarily yield optimal results, proved that the ALGOL programming language is context-free (thus linking formal language theory to the problem of compiler writing), and invented AFL Theory.
1931 Gödel, Kurt Proved that Peano arithmetic could not be both logically consistent and complete in first-order predicate calculus. Church, Kleene, and Turing developed the foundations of computation theory based on corollaries to Gödel's work.
1989 Goldwasser, Shafi Zero-knowledge proofs invented by Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff. Goldwasser and Micali awarded the Turing Award in 2012 for this and other work.
2011 Graham, Susan L. Awarded the 2009 IEEE John von Neumann Medal for "contributions to programming language design and implementation and for exemplary service to the discipline of computer science".
1953 Gray, Frank Physicist and researcher at Bell Labs, developed the reflected binary code (RBC) or Gray code.[18] Gray's methodologies are used for error detection and correction in digital communication systems, such as QAM in digital subscriber line networks.
1974, 2005 Gray, Jim Innovator in database systems and transaction processing implementation.
1986, 1990 Grosz, Barbara[undue weight? – discuss] Created the first computational model of discourse, which established the field of research and influenced language-processing technologies. Also developed SharedPlans model for collaboration in multi-agent systems.
1988, 2015 Gustafson, John Proved the viability of parallel computing experimentally and theoretically Gustafson's Law. Developed high-efficiency formats for representing real numbers Unum and Posit.
1971 Hamilton, Margaret Developed the concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra reliable software design.
1950 Hamming, Richard Created the mathematical field of error-correcting code, Hamming code, Hamming matrix, the Hamming window, Hamming numbers, sphere-packing (or Hamming bound), and the Hamming distance.[19][20] He established concept of perfect code.[21][22]
1972, 1973 Thi, André Truong Trong and François Gernelle[undue weight? – discuss] Invention of the Micral N, the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor.
1981, 1995, 1999 Hejlsberg, Anders Author of Turbo Pascal while at Borland, the chief architect of Delphi, and designer and lead architect of C# at Microsoft.
2008, 2012, 2018 Hinton, Geoffrey Popularized and enabled the use of artificial neural networks and deep learning, which rank among the most successful tools in modern artificial intelligence efforts. Received the Turing Award in 2018 for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.[23]
1961, 1969, 1978, 1980 Hoare, C.A.R. Developed the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP), Hoare logic for verifying program correctness, and Quicksort. Fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages.
1968 Holberton, Betty Wrote the first mainframe sort merge on the Univac
1889 Hollerith, Herman Widely regarded as the father of modern machine data processing. His invention of the punched card tabulating machine marks the beginning of the era of semiautomatic data processing systems.
1952 Hopper, Grace Pioneered work on the necessity for high-level programming languages, which she termed automatic programming, and wrote the A-O compiler, which heavily influenced the COBOL language.
1997 Hsu Feng-hsiung Work led to the creation of the Deep Thought chess computer, and the architect and the principal designer of the IBM Deep Blue chess computer which defeated the reigning World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov, in 1997.
1952 Hurd, Cuthbert Helped the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computer, the IBM 701.
1945, 1953 Huskey, Harry Early computer design including contributions to the ENIAC, EDVAC, Pilot ACE, EDVAC, SEAC, SWAC, and Bendix G-15 computers. The G-15 has been described as the first personal computer, being operable by one person.
1954, 1962 Iverson, Kenneth Assisted in establishing the first graduate course in computer science (at Harvard) and taught that course; invented the APL programming language and made contribution to interactive computing.
1801 Jacquard, Joseph Marie Built and demonstrated the Jacquard loom, a programmable mechanized loom controlled by a tape constructed from punched cards.
1206 Al-Jazari Invented programmable machines, including programmable humanoid robots,[24] and the castle clock, an astronomical clock considered the first programmable analog computer.[25]
1953 Spärck Jones, Karen[undue weight? – discuss] One of the pioneers of information retrieval and natural language processing.
1970, 1990 Karnaugh, Maurice Inventor of the Karnaugh map, used for logic function minimization.
1973 Karpinski, Jacek Developed the first differential analyzer that used transistors, and developed one of the first machine learning algorithms for character and image recognition. Also was the inventor of one of the first minicomputers, the K-202.
1970~ Kay, Alan Pioneered many of the ideas at the root of object-oriented programming languages, led the team that developed Smalltalk, and made fundamental contributions to personal computing.
1957 Kirsch, Russell Gray Whilst working for the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Kirsch used a recently developed image scanner to scan and store the first digital photograph.[26] His scanned photo of his three-month-old son was deemed by Life magazine as one of the "100 Photographs That Changed The World."
1961-1970s Kleinrock, Leonard Pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his Ph.D. thesis in 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.[27] He later published several of the standard works on the subject. In the early 1970s, he applied this theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. Kleinrock played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.
1936 Kleene, Stephen Cole Pioneered work with Alonzo Church on the Lambda Calculus that first laid down the foundations of computation theory.
1968, 1989 Knuth, Donald Wrote The Art of Computer Programming and created TeX. Coined the term "analysis of algorithms" and made major contributions to that field, including popularizing Big O notation.
1974, 1978 Lamport, Leslie Formulated algorithms to solve many fundamental problems in distributed systems (e.g. the bakery algorithm).
Developed the concept of a logical clock, enabling synchronization between distributed entities based on the events through which they communicate. Created LaTeX.
1951 Lebedev, Sergei Alekseyevich Independently designed the first electronic computer in the Soviet Union, MESM, in Kiev, Ukraine.
1670~ Leibniz, Gottfried Made advances in symbolic logic, such as the Calculus ratiocinator, that were heavily influential on Gottlob Frege. He anticipated later developments in first-order predicate calculus, which were crucial for the theoretical foundations of computer science.
1960 Licklider, J. C. R. Began the investigation of human–computer interaction, leading to many advances in computer interfaces as well as in cybernetics and artificial intelligence.
1987 Liskov, Barbara Developed the Liskov substitution principle, which guarantees semantic interoperability of data types in a hierarchy.
1300~ Llull, Ramon  Designed multiple symbolic representations machines, and pioneered notions of symbolic representation and manipulation to produce knowledge—both of which were major influences on Leibniz.
设计了多个符号表示机器，开创了符号表示和操作的概念，以产生对莱布尼茨产生重大影响的知识。
1852 Lovelace, Ada(女性)
　　英国数学家和作家，主要以研究查尔斯·巴贝奇提出的机械通用计算机Analytical Engine.而闻名。她是第一个认识到这台机器有着纯计算以外的应用的人，并创建了第一个打算由这台机器执行的算法。因此，她常常被认为是第一个认识到“计算机”的全部潜力的人，也是第一个计算机程序员。
   可以参考我的 https://www.cnblogs.com/aozhejin/p/16384281.html
1909 Percy Edwin Ludgate Charles Babbage in 1843 and Percy Ludgate in 1909 designed the first two Analytical Engines in history. Ludgate's engine used multiplication as its basis (using his own discrete Irish logarithms), had the first multiplier-accumulator (MAC), was first to exploit a MAC to perform division, stored numbers as displacements of rods in shuttles, and had several other novel features, including for program control.
　　1843年的Charles Babbage 和1909年的Percy Ludgate特设计了历史上第一台两台分析引擎。Ludgate的引擎以乘法为基础（使用他自己的离散爱尔兰对数），拥有第一个乘法器累加器（MAC），是第一个利用MAC进行除法的引擎，将数字存储为航天飞机杆的位移，并具有其他一些新功能，包括用于程序控制。
1991 年，都柏林三一学院计算机科学课程的最佳最后一年项目奖——Ludgate 奖——以他的名义设立
1971 Martin-Löf, Per Published an early draft on the type theory that many proof assistants build on.
发表了一份关于类型理论的早期草稿，许多proof assistants (辅助证明)都是以此为基础的。
1943, 1951 Mauchly, John

With J. Presper Eckert, designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer. Also worked on BINAC(1949), EDVAC(1949), UNIVAC(1951) with Grace Hopper and Jean Bartik, to develop early stored program computers.


与J.Presper Eckert一起设计并制造了第一台现代（全电子、图灵完整）计算机ENIAC和第一台商用计算机UNIVAC I。还与Grace Hopper和Jean Bartik一起研究BINAC（1949）、EDVAC（1949）、UNIVAC（1951），开发早期存储程序计算机。
关于图灵完备：https://wiki.c2.com/?TuringComplete
可以参考: https://archive.org/details/fromditstobitspe0000luko
1958 McCarthy, John 发明了LISP, a functional programming language.
Lisp（历史上称为LISP）是一个编程语言家族，具有悠久的历史和独特的、完全带括号的 前缀表示法。[3] 最初于 1958 年指定，Lisp 是第二古老的仍然普遍使用的高级编程语言。只有Fortran大了一岁。[4] [5] Lisp 自早期以来就发生了变化，在其历史上存在许多方言。今天，最著名的通用 Lisp 方言是Racket、Common Lisp、Scheme和Clojure
1956, 2012 McCluskey, Edward J. 　　Fundamental contributions that shaped the design and testing of digital systems, including the first algorithm for digital logic synthesis, the Quine-McCluskey logic minimization method.
塑造数字系统设计和测试的基本贡献，包括数字逻辑综合的第一个算法，奎因-麦克卢斯基逻辑最小化方法。
他是现代数字设计之父， 1955 年至 1959 年期间，他开始走向专业的伟大之路，当时他先是麻省理工学院的实习生，后来在贝尔电话实验室的鼎盛时期担任研究员。(McCluskey 教授从 1955 年到 1959 年在贝尔电话实验室从事电子交换系统研究。1959 年，他搬到普林斯顿大学，在那里他担任电气工程教授和大学计算机中心主任。1966 年，他加入斯坦福大学，担任电气工程和计算机科学教授以及可靠计算中心主任。他于 1969 年创立了斯坦福数字系统实验室（现为计算机系统实验室），并于 1970 年创立了斯坦福计算机工程项目（现为计算机科学硕士学位项目）。)
     他的论文: https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c84j0gwq/
1986 Meyer, Bertrand Developed design by contract in the guise of the Eiffel programming language.
1963 Minsky, Marvin Co-founder of Artificial Intelligence Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of several texts on AI and philosophy. Critic of the perceptron.
850~ Banū Mūsā The Banū Mūsā brothers wrote the Book of Ingenious Devices, where they described what appears to be the first programmable machine, an automatic flute player.[28]
1950, 1960 Nakamatsu Yoshirō Invented the first floppy disk at Tokyo Imperial University in 1950,[29][30] receiving a 1952 Japanese patent[31][32] and 1958 US patent for his floppy magnetic disk sheet invention,[33] and licensed to Nippon Columbia in 1960[34] and IBM in the 1970s.[31][29]
2008 Nakamoto, Satoshi The anonymous creator or creators of Bitcoin, the first peer-to-peer digital currency. Nakamoto's 2008 white-paper introduced the concept of the blockchain, a database structure that allows full trust in the decentralized and distributed public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency.[35]
1934, 1938 Nakashima Akira NEC engineer introduced switching circuit theory in papers from 1934 to 1936, laying the foundations for digital circuit design, in digital computers and other areas of modern technology.
1960 Naur, Peter Edited the ALGOL 60 Revised Report, introducing Backus-Naur form
1945 Neumann, John von Formulated the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.
1956 Newell, Allen Together with J. C. Shaw[36] and Herbert Simon, the three co-wrote the Logic Theorist, the first true AI program, in the first list-processing language, which influenced LISP.
1943 Newman, Max Instigated the production of the Colossus computers at Bletchley Park. After the war he established the Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester where he created the project that built the world's first stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby.
1962 Nygaard, Kristen With Ole-Johan Dahl, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
500 BC ~ Pāṇini Ashtadhyayi Sanskrit grammar was systematised and technical, using metarules, transformations, and recursions, a forerunner to formal language theory and basis for Panini-Backus form used to describe programming languages.
1642 Pascal, Blaise Invented the mechanical calculator.
1952 Perlis, Alan On Project Whirlwind, member of the team that developed the ALGOL programming language, and the first recipient of the Turing Award
1985 Perlman, Radia Invented the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges, while working for Digital Equipment Corporation. Has done extensive and innovative research, particularly on encryption and networking. She received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007, among numerous others.
1964 Perotto, Pier Giorgio[undue weight? – discuss] Computer designer for Olivetti, designed one of the first electronic programmable calculators, the Programma 101[37][38][39]
1932 Péter, Rózsa Published a series of papers grounding recursion theory as a separate area of mathematical research, setting the foundation for theoretical computer science.
1995 Picard, Rosalind[undue weight? – discuss] Founded Affective Computing, and laid the foundations for giving computers skills of emotional intelligence.
1936 Post, Emil L. Developed the Post machine as a model of computation, independently of Turing. Known also for developing truth tables, the Post correspondence problem used in recursion theory as well as proving what is known as Post's theorem.
1967–2011 Ritchie, Dennis With Ken Thompson, pioneered the C programming language and the Unix computer operating system at Bell Labs.
1958–1960 Rosen, Saul Designed the software of the first transistor-based computer. Also influenced the ALGOL programming language.
1910 Russell, Bertrand Made contributions to computer science with his work on mathematical logic (example: truth function). Introduced the notion of type theory. He also introduced type system (along with Alfred North Whitehead) in his work, Principia Mathematica.
1975 Salton, Gerard[undue weight? – discuss] A pioneer of automatic information retrieval, who proposed the vector space model and the inverted index.
1962 Sammet, Jean E. Developed the FORMAC programming language. She was also the first to write extensively about the history and categorization of programming languages in 1969, and became the first female president of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1974.
1963, 1973 Sasaki Tadashi Sharp engineer who conceived a single-chip microprocessor CPU, presenting the idea to Busicom and Intel in 1968. This influenced the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004; before Busicom, Intel was a memory manufacturer. Tadashi Sasaki also developed LCD calculators at Sharp.[40]
1937, 1948 Shannon, Claude Founded information theory, and laid foundations for practical digital circuit design.
1968, 1980 Shima Masatoshi Designed the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor,[41][42] as well as the Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z8000 microprocessors, and the Intel 8259, 8255, 8253, 8257 and 8251 chips.[43]
1956, 1957 Simon, Herbert A. A political scientist and economist who pioneered artificial intelligence. Co-creator of the Logic Theory Machine and the General Problem Solver programs.
1972 Stallman, Richard Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software. With this, he also launched the free software movement.
1982 Stonebraker, Michael Researcher at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) who revolutionized the field of database management systems (DBMSs) and founded multiple successful database companies
1979 Stroustrup, Bjarne Invented C++ at Bell Labs
1963 Sutherland, Ivan Author of Sketchpad, the ancestor of modern computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs and one of the early examples of object-oriented programming.
1967 Thompson, Ken Created the Unix operating system, the B programming language, Plan 9 operating system, the first machine to achieve a Master rating in chess, and the UTF-8 encoding at Bell Labs and the Go programming language at Google.
1993 Toh Chai Keong Created mobile ad hoc networking; Implemented the first working wireless ad hoc network of laptop computers in 1998 using Linux OS, Lucent WaveLan 802.11 radios, and a new distributed routing protocol transparent to TCP/UDP/IP.
1991 Torvalds, Linus Created the first version of the Linux kernel.
1912, 1914, 1920 Torres Quevedo, Leonardo In 1912, Leonardo Torres Quevedo built El Ajedrecista (the chess player), one of the first autonomous machines capable of playing chess. As opposed to the human-operated The Turk and Ajeeb, El Ajedrecista was a true automaton built to play chess without human guidance. It played an endgame with three chess pieces, automatically moving a white king and a rook to checkmate the black king moved by a human opponent. In his work Essays on Automatics, published in 1914, Torres Quevedo formulates what will be a new branch of engineering: automation. This work also included floating-point arithmetic. In 1920, Torres Quevedo was the first in history to build an early electromechanical version of the Analytical Engine.
1965 Tukey, John W. With James Cooley, created the fast Fourier transform. He invented the term "bit".[44]
1936 Turing, Alan Made several fundamental contributions to theoretical computer science, including the Turing machine computational model, the conceiving of the stored program concept and the designing of the high-speed ACE design. Independently of Alonzo Church, he formulated the Church-Turing thesis and proved that first-order logic is undecidable. He also explored the philosophical issues concerning artificial intelligence, proposing what is now known as Turing test.
1950~ Wang An Made key contributions to the development of magnetic core memory.
1955, 1960s, 1974 Ware, Willis Co-designer of JOHNNIAC. Chaired committee that developed the Code of Fair Information Practice and led to the Privacy Act of 1974. Vice-chair of the Privacy Protection Study Commission.
1968 Wijngaarden, Adriaan van Developer of the W-grammar first used in the definition of ALGOL 68
1949 Wilkes, Maurice Built the first practical stored program computer (EDSAC) to be completed and for being credited with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs.
1970, 1978 Wirth, Niklaus Designed the Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon programming languages.
1875, 1875 Verea, Ramón Designed and patented the Verea Direct Multiplier, the first mechanical direct multiplier.
1938, 1945 Zuse, Konrad Built the first digital freely programmable computer, the Z1. Built the first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3.[45] The Z3 was proven to be Turing-complete in 1998. Produced the world's first commercial computer, the Z4. Designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül.
1970 Wilkinson, James H. Research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and "backward" error analysis.[46]
1973 Bachman, Charles Outstanding contributions to database technology.[47]
1976 Rabin, Michael O. The joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems,"[48] which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.[49][50]
1976 Scott, Dana The joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems,"[48] which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.[49][50]
1978 Floyd, Robert W. Having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms.[51]
1985 Karp, Richard M. Contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness.
1986 Hopcroft, John Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
1986 Tarjan, Robert Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
1987 Cocke, John Significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC).
1989 Kahan, William Fundamental contributions to numerical analysis. One of the foremost experts on floating-point computations. Kahan has dedicated himself to "making the world safe for numerical computations.
1989 Corbató, Fernando J. Pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics.
1991 Milner, Robin 1) LCF, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction; 2) ML, the first language to include polymorphic type inference together with a type-safe exception-handling mechanism; 3) CCS, a general theory of concurrency. In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational and denotational semantics.[52]
1992 Lampson, Butler W. Development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing.
1993 Hartmanis, Juris Foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.[53]
1993 Stearns, Richard E. Foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.[53]
1994 Feigenbaum, Edward Pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.[54]
1994 Reddy, Raj Pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.[54]
1995 Blum, Manuel Contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking.[55]
1996 Pnueli, Amir Introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification.[56]
2000 Yao, Andrew Fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity.
1977 Rivest, Ron Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.
1977 Shamir, Adi Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.
1977 Adleman, Leonard Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.
1978 Kahn, Bob Designed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the primary data communication protocols of the Internet and other computer networks.
2007 Sifakis, Joseph Developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.[57]
2010 Valiant, Leslie Transformative contributions to the theory of computation, including the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing.
2011 Pearl, Judea Fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning.[58]
1976 Hellman, Martin Fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography,"[59] introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which are the foundation for most regularly-used security protocols on the Internet today.[60]
1976 Diffie, Whitfield Fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography,"[59] introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which are the foundation for most regularly-used security protocols on the Internet today.[61]
2018 Bengio, Yoshua, Hinton Geoffrey, Lecun Yann Conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.[23]
2012 Silvio Micali For transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory.
2017 John L. Hennessy For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry.
2017 David Patterson For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry.
2019 Edwin Catmull For fundamental contributions to 3-D computer graphics, and the revolutionary impact of these techniques on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications
2019 Pat Hanrahan For fundamental contributions to 3-D computer graphics, and the revolutionary impact of these techniques on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications

~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates.

See also（也可以看看）

  • Biography portal
  • Lists portal
  • Computer Pioneer Award
  • IEEE John von Neumann Medal
  • Grace Murray Hopper Award
  • List of computer science awards
  • List of computer scientists
  • List of Internet pioneers
  • List of people considered father or mother of a field § Computing
  • List of Russian IT developers
  • List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees
  • The Man Who Invented the Computer (2010 book)
  • Timeline of computing
  • Turing Award
  • Women in computing

References（参考）

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Sources(来源)

  • Hamming, Richard W. (1950). "Error detecting and error correcting codes" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 29 (2): 147–160. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x. MR 0035935. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2006.
  • Ling, San; Xing, Chaoping (2004). Coding Theory: a First Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82191-9.
  • Pless, Vera (1982). Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-08684-0.
  • Morgan, Samuel P. (September 1998). "Richard Wesley Hamming (1915–1998)" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 45 (8): 972–977. ISSN 0002-9920. Retrieved August 30, 2014.

External links（外部链接）

 
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